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This presentation is directed at anyone involved in preparing and contributing to metal fabrication and erection cost estimates. Accurate cost estimating is key to profitable projects and companies. Key components of an estimate include the obvious ones: contract document review, governing standards, quality requirements, detailing, materials, and equipment. In addition, time and costs relating to welding and above all, labour productivity is often more difficult to determine. Factors that influence welding operating factor determination and factors that effect labour efficiency will be presented. The latter includes general economy, supervision, labour relations, job conditions, equipment, and weather. A selection of sources for determining these and instructions how to calculate an overall efficiency will be provided.