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On the process area, the CCWJ has made much progress on the understanding of deposition rate in wire-based processes, with an emphasis on the generation and composition of fumes. This new knowledge is based on experiments measuring droplet temperature in free-flight transfer and detailed analysis of the physics involved. The findings also enabled the understanding of higher deposition rate in Mg-containing aluminum alloys. Significant progress was made also towards understanding the value and variations of voltage in GMAW. A model has been developed to assist in determining bead profile in laser cladding. Another area of interest in the solid-state Friction Stir Welding process, in which we are making progress towards a predictive model and defect formation.

On the materials development area, we have developed an understanding of residual stresses in low transformation temperature (LTT) alloys, identifying critical temperatures for the alloys and the effect of preheat in their ability to result in residual compressive stresses which are beneficial for fatigue life.

On the automation area. Artificial intelligence has also been applied to quantify metal transfer from high-speed videos. The CCWJ is also leading an initiative consolidating Canadian laser cladding operators and their supply chain (upstream and downstream) into a consortium.